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1 retirement
сущ.1)а) эк. тр. выход в отставку, выход [уход\] на пенсию; отход от делto go into [to take\] retirement — уйти [выйти\] на пенсию
I took early retirement from the company in 1976. — Я досрочно ушел из компании на пенсию в 1976 г.
She was forced to take disability retirement from her position. — Она была вынуждена оставить свою должность и уйти на пенсию по инвалидности. [Она была вынуждена уйти со своей должности на пенсию по инвалидности.\]
to force (smb.) into retirement; to force [to compel\] (smb.’s) retirement — вынуждать [заставлять\] (кого-л.) уйти на пенсию [выйти в отставку\]
Health problems force many older Americans into early retirement. — Проблемы со здоровьем вынуждают многих пожилых американцев досрочно выходить на пенсию.
Progressive illness cut short his career and forced his retirement in 2001. — Прогрессирующая болезнь оборвала его карьеру и вынудила его в 2001 г. уйти в отставку.
to defer [to delay, to postpone\] retirement — отсрочить [отложить\] выход на пенсию [в отставку\]
See:retirement adviser, retirement consultant, retirement market, retirement officer, retirement age, deferred retirement, early retirement, normal retirement, mandatory retirement, service retirement, disability retirement, phased retirement, semi-retirement, retirement account, individual retirement account, retirement benefit, retirement income, Employee Retirement Income Security Act, individual retirement account, registered retirement savings plan, Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board, profit sharing retirement plan, Railroad Retirement Act, Railroad Retirement Board, retirement city, retirement officer, post-retirement, pre-retirementб) эк. тр., демогр. пенсия; отставка; пенсионный возраст (период в жизни человека, начинающийся после достижения им определенного возраста и отхода от активной трудовой деятельности)We wish you a long and happy retirement. — Мы желаем вам долгих и счастливых лет жизни на пенсии.
During his retirement, he wrote two unpublished works. — Находясь на пенсии, он написал две неопубликованные работы.
to come out of [to step out of\] retirement — вернуться с пенсии [из отставки\]
The 79-year-old dentist came out of retirement last year to treat HIV-infected people who need dental care. — Семидесятидевятилетний дантист в прошлом году вернулся с пенсии для оказания медицинской помощи ВИЧ-инфицированным лицам, нуждающимся в зубоврачебных услугах.
She retired in 1986, but agreed to step out of retirement in 1990. — Она вышла в отставку в 1986 г., но в 1990 г. согласилась временно вернуться из отставки.
to bring (smb.) out of retirement — отозвать (кого-л.) с пенсии [из отставки\]
They had to bring a foreman bricklayer out of retirement to supervise the work. — Они были вынуждены отозвать старшего каменщика с пенсии для осуществления надзора за работой.
2)а) фин. изъятие из обращения; выкуп; погашение ( ценных бумаг в результате их выкупа)See:б) эк. оплата, выплата, погашение (напр., задолженности)debt retirement — выплата [погашение\] долга
3) учет выбытие (изъятие капитального актива из баланса предприятия в результате его продажи или истечения срока полезной службы)retirement of assets, asset retirement — выбытие активов
4)б) юр. (период, в течение которого присяжные совещаются и подготавливают вердикт)See:5)а) общ. уединение; уединенность; изолированность; уединенная жизньб) общ. уединенное место
* * *
1) погашение ценных бумаг (акций и облигаций), долговых обязательств в результате их выкупа; 2) изъятие капитального актива из баланса предприятия в результате его продажи или истечения срока полезной службы; 3) выход сотрудника на пенсию, т. е. увольнение по возрасту или другим законным основаниям, что может вести к началу действий пенсионных программ.* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьпогашение ценных бумаг, долговых обязательств -
2 pension
I 1. сущ.страх., эк. тр. пенсия, пенсионное пособие (регулярные денежные выплаты лицам, достигшим определенного возраста, инвалидам, а также лицам, утратившим кормильца; могут осуществляться из государственных или частных пенсионных фондов)ATTRIBUTES:
pension [pensions\] system — пенсионная система
COMBS:
grant [award\] of pension — назначение пенсии
pension entitlement, entitlement to a pension — право на пенсию, право на получение пенсии
pension payment — пенсионный платеж; выплата пенсии
pension of $20000, $20000 pension — пенсия в размере $20000
to receive [to draw\] a pension — получать пенсию
to grant a pension (to smb.) — назначить пенсию (кому-л.)
to give (smb.) a pension — дать (кому-л.) пенсию
to qualify for [to be entitled to\] a pension — иметь право на пенсию
to retire on a pension — уйти [выйти\] на пенсию
The police pension scheme entitles officers to retire on full pension after 30 years service. — Полицейская пенсионная система наделяет полицейских правом после 30 лет службы выйти в отставку с получением полной пенсии.
He retired from the force with a disability pension. — Он уволился из вооруженных сил с получением права на пенсию по инвалидности.
to pay a pension — выплачивать [платить\] пенсию
Syn:See:30-and-out pension, actuarially reduced pension, additional pension, age pension, alternatively secured pension, basic pension, bridging pension, company pension, contributory pension, corporate pension, disability pension, disability support pension, disablement pension, double orphan pension, employer pension, funded pension, future service pension, government pension, graduated pension, group pension, group personal pension, guaranteed minimum pension, incapacity pension, income support pension, individual pension, joint pension, joint-life pension, life pension, long service pension, military pension, non-contributory pension, occupational pension, old age pension, Old Age Security pension, partner service pension, past service pension, personal pension, portable pension, prior service pension, private pension, retirement pension, salary-related pension, self-employed pension, service pension, simplified employee pension, single pension, single-life pension, stakeholder pension, state pension, supplementary pension, thirty-and-out pension, top-hat pension, unfunded pension, veteran's pension, war disablement pension, war pension, widower's pension, widow's pension, pension account, pension actuary, pension A-Day, pension administrator, pension adviser, pension age, pension annuity, pension benefit, pension bomb, pension bonus, pension business, pension company, pension consultant, pension consulting, pension contribution, pension cost, pension credit, pension debit, pension equity plan, pension expenses, pension fund, pension income, pension insurance, pension law, pension lawyer, pension loan, pension management, pension manager, pension market, pension mortgage, pension mutual fund, pension obligation bond, pension parachute, pension partner, pension plan, pension planning, pension portability, pension product, pension professional, pension provider, pension reversion, pension rollover, pension savings, pension obligation bond, superannuation 1) Department for Work and Pensions, Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration, State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme, pensionable, pensioner 1), dearness allowance2. гл.страх., эк. тр. увольнять [отправлять\] на пенсию [в отставку\] ( с предлогом off); назначать пенсиюIn 1854, he was pensioned off from public service. — В 1854 г. он был уволен с государственной службы на пенсию.
to pension smb. off — отправить [уволить\] кого-л. на пенсию
Though they had a competent but elderly manager, they pensioned him off and started fresh, on their own. — Хотя у них был компетентный, но пожилой управляющий, они отправили его на пенсию и начали все заново, полагаясь только на себя.
See:II сущ.общ. пансион; пансионат (вид дома отдыха или гостиницы, в котором за фиксированную плату отдыхающим предоставляется полное содержание)
* * *
пенсия: выплата регулярного дохода человеку, достигшему пенсионного возраста и имеющему право на частное или государственное пенсионное обеспечение за предшествующий период работы; см. funded pension; unfunded pension-* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *установленная сумма, регулярно выплачиваемая получателю по достижении им определенного возраста или вследствие прекращения работы по найму -
3 age
eɪdʒ
1. сущ.
1) возраст to live to (reach) an age ≈ дожить до определенного возраста people of all ages ≈ люди всех возрастов the voting age is 18 ≈ участие в голосовании принимают лица, достигшие 18 лет a boy 10 years of age ≈ десятилетний мальчик to be one's age ≈ вести себя соответственно возрасту to act one's age ≈ вести себя соответственно возрасту advanced age age group age of discretion age of stand age of teething awkward age early age legal age middle age old age retirement age retiring age ripe old age tender age venerable age young age at an early age at a very young age Syn: lifetime
2) совершеннолетие to be of age ≈ быть совершеннолетним to be under age ≈ быть несовершеннолетним to come of age ≈ достичь совершеннолетия Syn: majority
2)
3) старость extreme old age ≈ глубокая старость the infirmities of age ≈ старческие немощи Syn: oldness, senility
4) поколение Syn: generation
5) век;
период, эпоха( ист.;
геол.) to usher in an age ≈ возвещать о приходе какой-л. эпохи to usher in the computer age ≈ возвещать о наступлении компьютерной эры entering the atomic age ≈ вступление в атомный век golden age, heroic age ≈ золотой век the age of Pericles ≈ век Перикла Middle Ages Dark ages Bronze age Iron age nuclear age Stone age Ice Age Syn: period
6) обыкн. мн.;
разг. долгий срок through the ages ≈ сквозь века We've not seen you both for ages. ≈ Мы вас обоих не видели целую вечность. haven't seen him in ages ≈ не видел его годами ∙ to bear one's age well ≈ хорошо выглядеть для своего возраста;
казаться моложе своих лет
2. гл.
1) стареть, стариться Syn: mature
2) вызревать letting cheese age ≈ позволить сыру вызреть
3) перех. старить An Arctic night and an Arctic day age a man more rapidly and harshly than a year anywhere else. ≈ Арктическая ночь и арктический день старят человека быстрее и резче, чем год в каком-либо другом месте. Syn: make old, make look old
4) перех. выдерживать;
подвергать старению
5) определять возраст (особенно в науке) The forester is able to age trees by studying the growth rings or annuli. ≈ Лесничий способен определить возраст дерева, изучая рост годовых колец.возраст;
- middle * средний возраст;
- a man of middle * человек средних лет;
- the awkward * переходный возраст;
- what is your *? сколько вам лет?;
- at the * of twelve в возрасте двенадцати лет;
- five years of * пяти лет (от роду) ;
- I have a son your * у меня сын вашего возраста;
- of uncertain * неопределенного возраста;
- twice my * вдвое старше меня;
- to act one's * вести себя сообразно своему возрасту;
- to bear one's * well выглядеть моложе своих лет;
- to look one's * выглядеть не старше и не моложе своих лет, выглядеть на свой возраст;
- over * старше установленного возраста;
- he won't be called up for military service, he is over * его не призовут в армию, он вышел из призывного возраста;
- what's the * of that church? когда построена эта церковь? продолжительность, срок жизни;
- the * of human life средняя продолжительность жизни человека (юридическое) совершеннолетие;
- to be of * достичь совершеннолетия;
- to be under * не достичь совершеннолетия, быть несовершеннолетним;
- * of discretion возраст ответственности;
- * of consent брачный возраст;
возраст, с которогго женщина или мужчина правомочны давать согласие на половые отношения (геология) период, эра;
- the Ice A. ледниковый период;
- A. of Mammals кайнозой, кайнозойская эра;
- A. of Reptiles мезозой, мезозойская эра( историческое) век, эпоха;
- the Stone A. каменный век;
- the Middle Ages средневековье, средние века;
- the golden * золотой век;
- the Elizabethan A. елизаветинская эпоха;
эпоха королевы Елизаветы I;
- atomic *, the * of atom атомный век, век атома;
- A. of Reason век разума, рационализма;
- to be behind the * отстать от века обыкн. pl (разговорное) долгий срок, вечность;
- *s ago давным-давно;
- I have not seen you for *s я не видел вас целую вечность старость, дряхлость;
- to join the strength of youth and the wisdom of * сочетать силу юности с мудростью старости;
- from youth to * с юных лет до старости;
- the infirmities of * старческие болезни (возвышенно) поколение;
- *s yet unborn грядущие поколения( техническое) срок службы (машины) ;
- the * of concrete возраст бетона( карточное) игрок, сидящий слева от сдающего в грам. знач. прил.: возрастной( преим. в статистике) - * group возрастная группа;
- * composition возрастной состав стареть, стариться состарить;
старить;
- grief *d him overnight горе состарило его за одну ночь (специальное) выдерживать;
- to * wine выдерживать вино( специальное) подвергать искусственному старению (специальное) вызревать (специальное) (электротехника) тренироватьage век;
период, эпоха (тж. геол.) ;
the Middle Ages средние века;
Ice Age ледниковый период ~ возраст;
age of discretion возраст, с которого человек считается ответственным за свои поступки( 14 лет) ;
awkward age переходный возраст;
tender age ранний возраст ~ возраст ~ (часто pl) разг. долгий срок;
I have not seen you for ages я не видел вас целую вечность;
to bear one's age well хорошо выглядеть для своего возраста;
казаться моложе своих лет ~ период ~ тех. подвергать старению ~ поколение ~ совершеннолетие;
to be of age быть совершеннолетним;
to be under age быть несовершеннолетним;
to come of age достичь совершеннолетия ~ срок службы ~ стареть ~ старить ~ старость;
the infirmities of age старческие немощи~ at expiry of policy возраст на момент истечения срока страхования~ of admission возраст для поступления~ of admission to school возраст для поступления в школу~ of consent брачный возраст ~ of consent возраст для вступления в брак consent: ~ разрешение;
age of consent совершеннолетие;
silence gives consent посл. молчание - знак согласия~ of criminal responsibility возраст для привлечения к уголовной ответственности~ возраст;
age of discretion возраст, с которого человек считается ответственным за свои поступки (14 лет) ;
awkward age переходный возраст;
tender age ранний возраст~ of majority достичь совершеннолетия ~ of majority совершеннолетие~ of mending "период штопания" (непрерывные попытки исправить негативные последствия для трудящихся от внедрения новой техники и технологий)middle ~ средний возраст;
to be (или to act) one's age вести себя соответственно возрасту;
this wine lacks age это вино недостаточно выдержано;
age of stand лес. возраст насаждения~ возраст;
age of discretion возраст, с которого человек считается ответственным за свои поступки (14 лет) ;
awkward age переходный возраст;
tender age ранний возраст awkward: ~ age переходный возраст~ совершеннолетие;
to be of age быть совершеннолетним;
to be under age быть несовершеннолетним;
to come of age достичь совершеннолетияmiddle ~ средний возраст;
to be (или to act) one's age вести себя соответственно возрасту;
this wine lacks age это вино недостаточно выдержано;
age of stand лес. возраст насаждения~ совершеннолетие;
to be of age быть совершеннолетним;
to be under age быть несовершеннолетним;
to come of age достичь совершеннолетия~ (часто pl) разг. долгий срок;
I have not seen you for ages я не видел вас целую вечность;
to bear one's age well хорошо выглядеть для своего возраста;
казаться моложе своих летcall-up ~ возраст призыва на военную службу~ совершеннолетие;
to be of age быть совершеннолетним;
to be under age быть несовершеннолетним;
to come of age достичь совершеннолетия come: ~ of age достигать совершеннолетияfull ~ совершеннолетиеfull legal ~ совершеннолетие~ (часто pl) разг. долгий срок;
I have not seen you for ages я не видел вас целую вечность;
to bear one's age well хорошо выглядеть для своего возраста;
казаться моложе своих летage век;
период, эпоха (тж. геол.) ;
the Middle Ages средние века;
Ice Age ледниковый период~ старость;
the infirmities of age старческие немощиmarriageable ~ брачный возрастmarrying ~ брачный возрастmiddle ~ средний возраст;
to be (или to act) one's age вести себя соответственно возрасту;
this wine lacks age это вино недостаточно выдержано;
age of stand лес. возраст насаждения middle: ~ средний;
middle age (или years) зрелые годы;
the Middle Ages средние векаage век;
период, эпоха (тж. геол.) ;
the Middle Ages средние века;
Ice Age ледниковый период middle: ~ средний;
middle age (или years) зрелые годы;
the Middle Ages средние векаminimum ~ минимальный возраст minimum ~ минимальный срок службыof ~ совершеннолетнийpension ~ пенсионный возрастpensionable ~ пенсионный возраст pensionable: pensionable дающий право на пенсию;
pensionable age пенсионный возрастretirement ~ возраст выхода на пенсию retirement ~ пенсионный возраст retirement: ~ age пенсионный возрастretiring ~ пенсионный возраст~ возраст;
age of discretion возраст, с которого человек считается ответственным за свои поступки (14 лет) ;
awkward age переходный возраст;
tender age ранний возрастmiddle ~ средний возраст;
to be (или to act) one's age вести себя соответственно возрасту;
this wine lacks age это вино недостаточно выдержано;
age of stand лес. возраст насажденияunder ~ несовершеннолетний under: ~ age не достигший определенного возраста;
несовершеннолетний;
to sell under cost продавать ниже стоимости -
4 Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 5 June 1900 Budapest, Hungaryd. 9 February 1979 London, England[br]Hungarian (naturalized British) physicist, inventor of holography.[br]Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Rumford Medal 1968. Franklin Institute Michelson Medal 1968. CBE 1970. Nobel Prize for Physics 1971.Bibliography1948. "A new microscopic principle", Nature 161:777 (Gabor's earliest publication on holography).1949. "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts", Proceedings of the Royal Society A197: 454–87.1951, "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts II", Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64:449–69. 1966, "Holography or the “Whole Picture”", New Scientist 29:74–8 (an interesting account written after laser beams were used to produce optical holograms).Further ReadingT.E.Allibone, 1980, contribution to Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 107–47 (a full account of Gabor's life and work).JW -
5 retire
1) (stop working permanently, usually because of age: He retired at the age of sixty-five.) retirarse, jubilarse2) (to leave; to withdraw: When he doesn't want to talk to anyone, he retires to his room and locks the door; We retired to bed at midnight; The troops were forced to retire to a safer position.) retirarse•- retired- retirement
- retiring
retire vb jubilarsetr[rɪ'taɪəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (from work) jubilar1 (from work) jubilarse2 (withdraw) retirarse3 (go to bed) acostarse1) retreat, withdraw: retirarse, retraerse2) : retirarse, jubilarse (de su trabajo)3) : acostarse, irse a dormirv.• acuartelar v.• jubilar v.• recoger v.• recogerse v.• retirar v.• retirarse v.• retraer v.(§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)rɪ'taɪr, rɪ'taɪə(r)
1.
1) (from job, occupation) jubilarse, retirarse; \<\<soldier\>\> retirarse (del servicio activo); \<\<athlete/footballer\>\> retirarsethe retiring treasurer — el tesorero saliente or que se retira/retiraba
2)a) (retreat, withdraw) (frml) retirarseb) ( Mil) \<\<troops\>\> retirarse, replegarse*c) ( from sporting contest)
2.
vt ( from job) jubilar[rɪ'taɪǝ(r)]1. VI1) (=give up work) [worker] retirarse; (at age limit) jubilarse, retirarse; [professional sportsperson, military officer] retirarseshe retired on a good pension — se jubiló or se retiró con una buena pensión
he retired to the South of France — se jubiló or se retiró y se fue a vivir al sur de Francia
2) frm (=withdraw) retirarsethe jury has retired to consider its verdict — el jurado se ha retirado a deliberar para dar su veredicto
to retire from public life — retirarse de or abandonar la vida pública
3) frm (=go to bed) acostarse, retirarse frmto retire to bed, retire for the night — ir a dormir, ir a acostarse
4) (Sport) [competitor] abandonar, retirarse; [horse] retirarsehe retired in the fifth lap with engine trouble — abandonó or se retiró en la quinta vuelta debido a problemas con el motor
5) (Mil) [troops, army] retirarse2. VT1) (from work, service) [+ worker] jubilar; (Mil) [+ officer] retirarhe was compulsorily retired — le dieron la jubilación forzosa, le obligaron a jubilarse
2) (Horse racing) [+ horse] retirar; (Baseball) [+ batter] eliminar3) (Econ) [+ bond] redimir4) (Mil) [+ troops, army] retirar* * *[rɪ'taɪr, rɪ'taɪə(r)]
1.
1) (from job, occupation) jubilarse, retirarse; \<\<soldier\>\> retirarse (del servicio activo); \<\<athlete/footballer\>\> retirarsethe retiring treasurer — el tesorero saliente or que se retira/retiraba
2)a) (retreat, withdraw) (frml) retirarseb) ( Mil) \<\<troops\>\> retirarse, replegarse*c) ( from sporting contest)
2.
vt ( from job) jubilar -
6 Norton de Matos, José
(1867-1955)One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts. -
7 Wallis, Sir Barnes Neville
[br]b. 26 September 1887 Ripley, Derbyshire, Englandd. 30 October 1979 Leatherhead, Surrey, England[br]English aeronautical designer and inventor.[br]Wallis was apprenticed first at Thames Engineering Works, and then, in 1908, at John Samuel White's shipyard at Cowes. In 1913, the Government, spurred on by the accelerating development of the German Zeppelins (see Zeppelin, Ferdinand von), ordered an airship from Vickers; Wallis was invited to join the design team. Thus began his long association with aeronautical design and with Vickers. This airship, and the R80 that followed it, were successfully completed, but the military lost interest in them.In 1924 the Government initiated a programme for the construction of two airships to settle once and for all their viability for long-dis-tance air travel. The R101 was designed by a Government-sponsored team, but the R100 was designed by Wallis working for a subsidiary of Vickers. The R100 took off on 29 July 1930 for a successful round trip to Canada, but the R101 crashed on its first flight on 4 October, killing many of its distinguished passengers. The shock of this disaster brought airship development in Britain to an abrupt end and forced Wallis to direct his attention to aircraft.In aircraft design, Wallis is known for his use of geodesic construction, which combined lightness with strength. It was applied first to the single-engined "Wellesley" and then the twin-en-gined "Wellington" bomber, which first flew in 1936. With successive modifications, it became the workhorse of RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War until the autumn of 1943, when it was replaced by four-engined machines. In other areas, it remained in service until the end of the war and, in all, no fewer than 11,461 were built.Wallis is best known for his work on bomb design, first the bouncing bomb that was used to breach the Möhne and Eder dams in the Ruhr district of Germany in 1943, an exploit immortalized in the film Dambusters. Encouraged by this success, the authorities then allowed Wallis to realize an idea he had long urged, that of heavy, penetration bombs. In the closing stages of the war, Tallboy, of 12,000 lb (5,400 kg), and the 10-ton Grand Slam were used to devastating effect.After the Second World War, Wallis returned to aeronautical design and was given his own department at Vickers to promote his ideas, principally on variable-geometry or swing-wing aircraft. Over the next thirteen years he battled towards the prototype stage of this revolutionary concept. That never came, however; changing conditions and requirements and increasing costs led to the abandonment of the project. Bit-terly disappointed, Wallis continued his researches into high-speed aircraft until his retirement from Vickers (by then the British Aircraft Corporation), in 1971.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1968. FRS 1945.Further ReadingJ.Morpurgo, 1972, Barnes Wallis: A Biography, London: Longman (a readable account, rather biased in Wallis's favour).C.J.Heap, 1987, The Papers of Sir Barnes Wallis (1887–1979) in the Science Museum Library, London: Science Museum; with a biographical introd. by L.R.Day.LRDBiographical history of technology > Wallis, Sir Barnes Neville
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8 Spínola, Antônio de
(1910-1996)Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement. -
9 take
take [teɪk]prendre ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (a), 1B (c)-(e), 1C (b), 1D (a), 1D (b), 1E (a), 1F (a), 1G (a), 1G (b), 1G (d), 1H (a), 1H (b), 1I (a), 1I (c), 1I (d), 1I (f), 1I (g), 2 (a)-(c) porter ⇒ 1B (a) mener ⇒ 1B (b) conduire ⇒ 1C (a) recevoir ⇒ 1D (c) croire ⇒ 1F (b) supporter ⇒ 1F (d) supposer ⇒ 1G (c) contenir ⇒ 1I (e) passer ⇒ 1I (i)A.∎ let me take your coat donnez-moi votre manteau;∎ she took the book from him elle lui a pris le livre;∎ to take sb's hand prendre qn par la main;∎ she took his arm elle lui a pris le bras;∎ Peter took her in his arms Peter l'a prise dans ses bras;∎ the wolf took its prey by the throat le loup a saisi sa proie à la gorge(b) (get control of, capture → person) prendre, capturer; (→ fish, game) prendre, attraper; Military prendre, s'emparer de;∎ they took the town that night ils prirent ou s'emparèrent de la ville cette nuit-là;∎ to take sb prisoner faire qn prisonnier;∎ to take sb alive prendre ou capturer qn vivant;∎ I took his queen with my rook j'ai pris sa reine avec ma tour;∎ to take control of a situation prendre une situation en main;∎ we took our courage in both hands nous avons pris notre courage à deux mains;∎ you're taking your life in your hands doing that c'est ta vie que tu risques en faisant cela;∎ to take the lead in sth (in competition) prendre la tête de qch; (set example) être le premier à faire qchB.(a) (carry from one place to another) porter, apporter; (carry along, have in one's possession) prendre, emporter;∎ she took her mother a cup of tea elle a apporté une tasse de thé à sa mère;∎ he took the map with him il a emporté la carte;∎ she took some towels up(stairs)/down(stairs) elle a monté/descendu des serviettes;∎ don't forget to take your camera n'oubliez pas (de prendre) votre appareil photo;∎ figurative the committee wanted to take the matter further le comité voulait mener l'affaire plus loin;∎ the devil take it! que le diable l'emporte!;∎ you can't take it with you (money when you die) tu ne l'emporteras pas avec toi dans la tombe∎ her father takes her to school son père l'emmène à l'école;∎ could you take me home? pourriez-vous me ramener ou me raccompagner?;∎ to take sb across the road faire traverser la rue à qn;∎ may I take you to dinner? puis-je vous inviter à dîner ou vous emmener dîner?;∎ he offered to take them to work in the car il leur a proposé de les emmener au bureau en voiture ou de les conduire au bureau;∎ to take oneself to bed aller se coucher;∎ please take me with you emmène-moi, s'il te plaît;∎ humorous I can't take you anywhere tu n'es pas sortable;∎ the estate agent took them over the house l'agent immobilier leur a fait visiter la maison;∎ he took her round the museum il lui a fait visiter le musée;∎ she used to take me along to meetings (avant,) elle m'emmenait aux réunions;∎ this road will take you to the station cette route vous mènera ou vous conduira à la gare;∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;∎ her job took her all over Africa son travail l'a fait voyager dans toute l'Afrique;∎ that's what first took me to Portugal c'est ce qui m'a amené au Portugal;∎ whatever took him there? qu'allait-il faire là-bas?;∎ the record took her to number one in the charts le disque lui a permis d'être première au hit-parade∎ she took a handkerchief from her pocket elle a sorti un mouchoir de sa poche;∎ I took a chocolate from the box j'ai pris un chocolat dans la boîte;∎ take a book from the shelf prenez un livre sur l'étagère;∎ take your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table;∎ he took the saucepan off the heat il a ôté ou retiré la casserole du feu(d) (appropriate, steal) prendre, voler;∎ to take sth from sb prendre qch à qn;∎ someone's taken my wallet on a pris mon portefeuille;∎ his article is taken directly from my book le texte de son article est tiré directement de mon livre(e) (draw, derive) prendre, tirer;∎ a passage taken from a book un passage extrait d'un livre;∎ a phrase taken from Latin une expression empruntée au latin;∎ the title is taken from the Bible le titre vient de la Bible;∎ to take a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatifC.(a) (of bus, car, train etc) conduire, transporter;∎ the ambulance took him to hospital l'ambulance l'a transporté à l'hôpital;∎ this bus will take you to the theatre ce bus vous conduira au théâtre;∎ will this train take me to Cambridge? est-ce que ce train va à ou passe par Cambridge?∎ American take a right prenez à droiteD.∎ she took a quick look at him elle a jeté un rapide coup d'œil sur lui;∎ he took a flying leap il a bondi;∎ to take a photo or a picture prendre une photo;∎ she took his picture or a picture of him elle l'a pris en photo;∎ we had our picture taken nous nous sommes fait photographier ou prendre en photo;∎ familiar he takes a good photo (is photogenic) il est photogénique□(c) (receive, get) recevoir; (earn, win → prize) remporter, obtenir; (→ degree, diploma) obtenir, avoir;∎ he took the blow on his arm il a pris le coup sur le bras;∎ you can take the call in my office vous pouvez prendre l'appel dans mon bureau;∎ the bookstore takes about $3,000 a day la librairie fait à peu près 3000 dollars (de recette) par jour;∎ how much does he take home a month? quel est son salaire mensuel net?;∎ Cards we took all the tricks nous avons fait toutes les levées;∎ their team took the match leur équipe a gagné ou remporté le matchE.(a) (assume, undertake) prendre;∎ to take the blame for sth prendre la responsabilité de qch;∎ you'll have to take the consequences c'est vous qui en subirez les conséquences;∎ she takes all the credit for our success elle s'attribue tout le mérite de notre réussite;∎ I take responsibility for their safety je me charge de leur sécurité;∎ to take the part of Hamlet jouer (le rôle d')Hamlet∎ he took my side in the argument il a pris parti pour moi dans la dispute;∎ the boy took an oath or a vow to avenge his family le garçon a fait serment ou a juré de venger sa famille;∎ American to take the Fifth (Amendment) invoquer le Cinquième Amendement (pour refuser de répondre)∎ may I take the liberty of inviting you to dinner? puis-je me permettre de vous inviter à dîner?;∎ he took the opportunity to thank them or of thanking them il a profité de l'occasion pour les remercierF.∎ the doctor only takes private patients le docteur ne prend pas les patients du service public;∎ the owner won't take less than $100 for it le propriétaire en veut au moins 100 dollars;∎ does this machine take pound coins? cette machine accepte-t-elle les pièces d'une livre?;∎ to take a bribe se laisser acheter ou corrompre;∎ you'll have to take me as I am il faut me prendre comme je suis;∎ take things as they come prenez les choses comme elles viennent;∎ I won't take "no" for an answer pas question de refuser;∎ it's my last offer, (you can) take it or leave it c'est ma dernière offre, c'est à prendre ou à laisser;∎ I'll take it from here je prends la suite;∎ I'll take it from there je verrai à ce moment-là(b) (accept as valid) croire;∎ to take sb's advice suivre les conseils de qn;∎ take it from me, he's a crook croyez-moi, c'est un escroc∎ let's take things one at a time prenons les choses une par une;∎ the mayor took their questions calmly le maire a entendu leurs questions avec calme;∎ how did she take the questioning? comment a-t-elle réagi à ou pris l'interrogatoire?;∎ they took the news well or in their stride ils ont plutôt bien pris la nouvelle;∎ to take sth badly prendre mal qch;∎ familiar to take things easy or it easy se la couler douce;∎ familiar take it easy! (don't get angry) du calme!□∎ don't take any nonsense! ne te laisse pas faire!;∎ your father won't take any nonsense ton père ne plaisante pas avec ce genre de choses;∎ she can take it elle tiendra le coup;∎ esp American I'm not taking any! je ne marche pas!;∎ we couldn't take any more on n'en pouvait plus;∎ I can't take much more of this je commence à en avoir assez, je ne vais pas supporter cela bien longtemps;∎ I find his constant sarcasm rather hard to take je trouve ses sarcasmes perpétuels difficiles à supporter;∎ don't expect me to take this lying down ne comptez pas sur moi pour accepter ça sans rien dire;∎ those shoes have taken a lot of punishment ces chaussures en ont vu de toutes les couleurs;∎ to take heavy loads (crane, engine etc) supporter de lourdes charges;∎ it won't take your weight ça ne supportera pas ton poids(e) (experience, feel)∎ to take fright prendre peur;∎ to take an interest in sb/sth s'intéresser à qn/qch;∎ don't take offence ne vous vexez pas, ne vous offensez pas;∎ no offence taken il n'y a pas de mal;∎ we take pleasure in travelling nous prenons plaisir à voyager;∎ she takes pride in her work elle est fière de ce qu'elle fait;∎ to take pride in one's appearance prendre soin de sa personneG.(a) (consider, look at) prendre, considérer;∎ take Einstein (for example) prenons (l'exemple d')Einstein;∎ take the case of Colombia prenons le cas de la Colombie;∎ taking everything into consideration tout bien considéré;∎ to take sb/sth seriously prendre qn/qch au sérieux∎ do you take me for an idiot? vous me prenez pour un idiot?;∎ what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;∎ I took you for an Englishman je vous croyais anglais;∎ he took me for somebody else il m'a pris pour quelqu'un d'autre;∎ to take the news as or to be true tenir la nouvelle pour vraie;∎ how old do you take her to be? quel âge est-ce que tu lui donnes?(c) (suppose, presume) supposer, présumer;∎ he's never been to Madrid, I take it si je comprends bien, il n'a jamais été à Madrid;∎ I take it you're his mother je suppose que vous êtes sa mère(d) (interpret, understand) prendre, comprendre;∎ we never know how to take his jokes on ne sait jamais comment prendre ses plaisanteries;∎ don't take that literally ne le prenez pas au pied de la lettre;∎ he was slow to take my meaning il lui a fallu un moment avant de comprendre ce que je voulais direH.∎ how long will it take to get there? combien de temps faudra-t-il pour y aller?;∎ the flight takes three hours le vol dure trois heures;∎ it will take you ten minutes vous en avez pour dix minutes;∎ it took him a minute to understand il a mis une minute avant de comprendre;∎ it took us longer than I expected cela nous a pris plus de temps que je ne pensais;∎ it takes time to learn a language il faut du temps pour apprendre une langue;∎ what kind of batteries does it take? quelle sorte de piles faut-il?;∎ my car takes unleaded ma voiture roule au sans-plomb;∎ he took a bit of coaxing before he accepted il a fallu le pousser un peu pour qu'il accepte;∎ it took four people to stop the brawl ils ont dû se mettre à quatre pour arrêter la bagarre;∎ it takes a clever man to do that bien malin ou habile qui peut le faire;∎ it takes courage to admit one's mistakes il faut du courage pour admettre ses erreurs;∎ it takes patience to work with children il faut de la patience ou il faut être patient pour travailler avec les enfants;∎ one glance was all it took un regard a suffi;∎ the job took some doing la tâche n'a pas été facile;∎ that will take some explaining voilà qui va demander des explications;∎ her story takes some believing son histoire n'est pas facile à croire;∎ to have what it takes to do/to be sth avoir les qualités nécessaires pour faire/être qch;∎ we need someone with leadership qualities - she has what it takes il nous faut quelqu'un qui ait des qualités de dirigeant - ce n'est pas ce qui lui manque;∎ familiar he's so lazy - it takes one to know one! il est vraiment paresseux - tu peux parler!∎ "falloir" takes the subjunctive "falloir" est suivi du subjonctif;∎ noun that takes an "s" in the plural nom qui prend un "s" au plurielI.(a) (food, drink etc) prendre;∎ do you take milk in your coffee? prenez-vous du lait dans votre café?;∎ how do you take your coffee? qu'est-ce que tu prends dans ton café?;∎ I invited him to take tea je l'ai invité à prendre le thé;∎ she refused to take any food elle a refusé de manger (quoi que ce soit);∎ to take drugs se droguer;∎ how many pills has he taken? combien de comprimés a-t-il pris ou absorbé?;∎ not to be taken internally (on packaging) (à) usage externe;∎ to be taken twice a day (on packaging) à prendre deux fois par jour;∎ to take the air prendre l'air∎ she takes a size 10 elle prend du 38;∎ what size shoe do you take? quelle est votre pointure?∎ I'll take it je le prends;∎ what newspaper do you take? quel journal prenez-vous?;∎ take your partners (at dance) invitez vos partenaires(d) (occupy → chair, seat) prendre, s'asseoir sur;∎ take a seat asseyez-vous;∎ take your seats! prenez vos places!;∎ is this seat taken? cette place est-elle occupée ou prise?(e) (hold → of container, building etc) contenir, avoir une capacité de;∎ this bus takes fifty passengers c'est un car de cinquante places(f) (ascertain, find out) prendre;∎ to take sb's pulse/temperature prendre le pouls/la température de qn;∎ to take a reading from a meter lire ou relever un compteur(g) (write down → notes, letter) prendre;∎ he took a note of her address il a noté son adresse(h) (subtract) soustraire, déduire;∎ they took 10 percent off the price ils ont baissé le prix de 10 pour cent;∎ take 4 from 9 and you have 5 ôtez 4 de 9, il reste 5∎ I took Latin and Greek at A level ≃ j'ai pris latin et grec au bac;∎ she took her degree last year elle a obtenu son diplôme l'an dernier;∎ she takes us for maths on l'a en maths∎ to take a service célébrer un office;∎ the assistant director took the rehearsals l'assistant réalisateur s'est occupé des répétitions(k) (contract, develop)∎ to take a chill, to take cold prendre froid;∎ to take sick, to be taken ill tomber malade;∎ I was taken with a fit of the giggles j'ai été pris d'un fou rire;∎ she took an instant dislike to him elle l'a tout de suite pris en aversion(l) (direct, aim)∎ she took a swipe at him elle a voulu le gifler;∎ Football to take a penalty tirer un penalty∎ she takes all her problems to her sister elle raconte tous ses problèmes à sa sœur;∎ he took the matter to his boss il a soumis la question à son patron;∎ Law they intend to take the case to the High Court ils ont l'intention d'en appeler à la Cour suprême∎ he took an axe to the door il a donné des coups de hache dans la porte;∎ take the scissors to it vas-y avec les ciseaux;∎ his father took a stick to him son père lui a donné des coups de bâton;∎ Law they took legal proceedings against him ils lui ont intenté un procès(o) (catch unawares) prendre, surprendre;∎ to take sb by surprise or off guard surprendre qn, prendre qn au dépourvu;∎ his death took us by surprise sa mort nous a surpris∎ they took him for every penny (he was worth) ils lui ont pris jusqu'à son dernier sou(a) (work, have desired effect) prendre;∎ did the dye take? est-ce que la teinture a pris?;∎ it was too cold for the seeds to take il faisait trop froid pour que les graines germent(b) (become popular) prendre, avoir du succès3 noun(b) Cinema, Photography & Television prise f de vue; Radio enregistrement m, prise f de son; (of record etc) enregistrement m∎ what's your take on her attitude? comment est-ce que tu interprètes son attitude?∎ to be on the take toucher des pots-de-vin□, palper(astonish) étonner, ébahir; (disconcert) déconcerter;∎ her question took him aback sa question l'a déconcerté;∎ I was taken aback by the news la nouvelle m'a beaucoup surprisressembler à, tenir de;∎ she takes after her mother in looks physiquement, elle tient de sa mère(a) (dismantle) démonter;∎ figurative they took the room apart looking for evidence ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous pour trouver des preuves(b) (criticize) critiquerprendre à part, emmener à l'écart;∎ the boss took her aside for a chat le patron l'a prise à part pour discuter∎ take that knife away from him enlevez-lui ce couteau;∎ they took away his pension ils lui ont retiré sa pension;∎ they took their daughter away from the club ils ont retiré leur fille du club;∎ his work took him away from his family for long periods son travail le tenait éloigné de sa famille pendant de longues périodes;∎ euphemism the police took his father away son père a été arrêté par la police;∎ it takes away the fun ça gâche tout∎ not to be taken away (in library) à consulter sur place(c) Mathematics soustraire, retrancher;∎ nine take away six is three neuf moins six font trois∎ that doesn't take away from his achievements as an athlete ça n'enlève rien à ses exploits d'athlète;∎ to take away from the pleasure/value of sth diminuer le plaisir/la valeur de qch(a) (after absence, departure) reprendre;∎ she took her husband back elle a accepté que son mari revienne vivre avec elle;∎ the factory took back the workers l'usine a repris les ouvriers(b) (gift, unsold goods, sale item etc) reprendre∎ take it back to the shop rapporte-le au magasin;∎ he took her back home il l'a raccompagnée ou ramenée chez elle(d) (retract, withdraw) retirer, reprendre;∎ I take back everything I said je retire tout ce que j'ai dit;∎ all right, I take it back! d'accord, je n'ai rien dit!∎ that takes me back to my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance;∎ that song takes me back forty years cette chanson me ramène quarante ans en arrière;∎ it takes you back a bit, doesn't it? ça ne nous rajeunit pas tout ça, hein?(f) Typography transférer à la ligne précédente∎ the lift took us down to the 4th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 4ème étage∎ she took the book down from the shelf elle a pris le livre sur l'étagère;∎ can you help me take the curtains down? peux-tu m'aider à décrocher les rideaux?;∎ she took his picture down from the wall elle a enlevé sa photo du mur;∎ he took his trousers down il a baissé son pantalon∎ he took down the registration number il a relevé le numéro d'immatriculation;∎ to take down a letter in shorthand prendre une lettre en sténo(d) (dismantle → scaffolding, circus tent) démonterse démonter(b) (bring into one's home → person) héberger; (→ boarder) prendre; (→ orphan, stray animal) recueillir;∎ she takes in ironing elle fait du repassage à domicile∎ the police took him in la police l'a mis ou placé en garde à vue(d) (air, water, food etc)∎ she can only take in food intravenously on ne peut la nourrir que par intraveineuse;∎ whales take in air through their blowhole les baleines respirent par l'évent(e) (understand, perceive) saisir, comprendre;∎ he was sitting taking it all in il était là, assis, écoutant tout ce qui se disait;∎ he didn't take in the real implications of her announcement il n'a pas saisi les véritables implications de sa déclaration;∎ I can't take in the fact that I've won je n'arrive pas à croire que j'ai gagné;∎ she took in the situation at a glance elle a compris la situation en un clin d'œil∎ you'd better take in the slack on the rope tu ferais bien de tendre ou retendre la corde;∎ Nautical to take in a sail carguer ou serrer une voile∎ the tour takes in all the important towns l'excursion passe par toutes les villes importantes(h) (attend, go to) aller à;∎ to take in a show aller au théâtre;∎ she took in the castle while in Blois elle a visité le château pendant qu'elle était à Blois;∎ they took in the sights in Rome ils ont fait le tour des sites touristiques à Rome∎ don't be taken in by him ne vous laissez pas rouler par lui;∎ I'm not going to be taken in by your lies je ne suis pas dupe de tes mensonges□ ;∎ he was completely taken in il marchait complètement➲ take off(a) (remove → clothing, lid, make-up, tag) enlever;∎ the boy took his clothes off le garçon a enlevé ses vêtements ou s'est déshabillé;∎ she took her glasses off elle a enlevé ses lunettes;∎ he often takes the phone off the hook il laisse souvent le téléphone décroché;∎ to take sb off a list rayer qn d'une liste;∎ the surgeon had to take her leg off le chirurgien a dû l'amputer de la jambe;∎ Cars to take off the brake desserrer le frein (à main);∎ figurative he didn't take his eyes off her all night il ne l'a pas quittée des yeux de la soirée;∎ I tried to take her mind off her troubles j'ai essayé de lui changer les idées ou de la distraire de ses ennuis;∎ familiar his retirement has taken ten years off him sa retraite l'a rajeuni de dix ans□ ;∎ to take sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qch;∎ I'll take the baby off your hands for a few hours je vais garder le bébé pendant quelques heures, ça te libérera∎ the teacher took one point off her grade le professeur lui a retiré un point;∎ the manager took 10 percent off the price le directeur a baissé le prix de 10 pour cent(c) (lead away) emmener;∎ she was taken off to hospital on l'a transportée à l'hôpital;∎ the murderer was taken off to jail on a emmené l'assassin en prison;∎ her friend took her off to dinner son ami l'a emmenée dîner;∎ she took herself off to Italy elle est partie en Italie;∎ to take the passengers off (by boat from a ship) débarquer les passagers;∎ the injured man was taken off the ship by helicopter le blessé a été évacué du bateau par hélicoptère∎ to take some time off prendre un congé;∎ take a few days off prenez quelques jours de vacances ou de congé;∎ she takes Thursdays off elle ne travaille pas le jeudi(a) (aeroplane) décoller;∎ they took off for or to Heathrow ils se sont envolés pour Heathrow∎ he took off without telling us il est parti sans nous avertir➲ take on(a) (accept, undertake) prendre, accepter;∎ to take on the responsibility for sth se charger de qch;∎ don't take on more than you can handle ne vous surchargez pas;∎ she took it on herself to tell him elle a pris sur elle de le lui dire;∎ to take on a bet accepter un pari∎ the unions took on the government les syndicats se sont attaqués ou s'en sont pris au gouvernement;∎ I shouldn't like to take him on je n'aimerais pas avoir affaire à lui;∎ he took us on at poker il nous a défiés au poker(c) (acquire, assume) prendre, revêtir;∎ her face took on a worried look elle a pris un air inquiet;∎ the word takes on another meaning le mot prend une autre significationfamiliar (fret, carry on) s'en faire;∎ don't take on so! ne t'en fais pas!∎ take the cheese out of the refrigerator sors le fromage du réfrigérateur;∎ he took the knife out of his pocket il a sorti le couteau de sa poche;∎ take your hands out of your pockets enlève les mains de tes poches;∎ they took their children out of school ils ont retiré leurs enfants de l'école;∎ Medicine to take out sb's appendix/tonsils enlever l'appendice/les amygdales à qn;∎ figurative to take the food out of sb's mouth retirer le pain de la bouche de qn∎ to take sb out to dinner/to the movies emmener qn dîner/au cinéma;∎ I took her out for a bike ride je l'ai emmenée faire un tour à vélo;∎ would you take the dog out? tu veux bien sortir le chien ou aller promener le chien?(d) (obtain → subscription) prendre; (→ insurance policy) souscrire à, prendre; (→ licence) se procurer; (→ patent) prendre;∎ to take out a mortgage faire un emprunt immobilier∎ to take sb out (kill) buter qn, zigouiller qn, refroidir qn;∎ the planes took the factory out by bombing les avions ont détruit l'usine (en la bombardant)∎ to take out one's partner changer la couleur annoncée par son partenaire∎ to take sb out of himself/herself changer les idées à qn;∎ familiar working as an interpreter takes a lot out of you le travail d'interprète est épuisant□ ;∎ familiar the operation really took it out of him l'opération l'a mis à plat;∎ familiar it takes the fun out of it ça gâche tout□ ;∎ familiar to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn□ ;∎ familiar he took his anger out on his wife il a passé sa colère sur sa femme□ ;∎ familiar don't take it out on me! ne t'en prends pas à moi!□(a) (assume responsibility of) reprendre;∎ he wants his daughter to take over the business il veut que sa fille reprenne l'affaire;∎ she took over my classes elle a pris la suite de mes cours;∎ will you be taking over his job? est-ce que vous allez le remplacer (dans ses fonctions)?(b) (gain control of, invade) s'emparer de;∎ the military took over the country l'armée a pris le pouvoir;∎ she takes the place over (by being bossy etc) elle joue les despotes;∎ fast-food restaurants have taken over Paris les fast-foods ou French Canadian restaurants-minute ont envahi Paris∎ they were taken over by a Japanese firm ils ont été rachetés par une entreprise japonaise∎ I'll take you over by car je vais vous y conduire en voiture;∎ the boat took us over to Seattle le bateau nous a emmenés jusqu'à Seattle(e) Typography transférer à la ligne suivante∎ who will take over now that the mayor has stepped down? qui va prendre la relève maintenant que le maire a donné sa démission?;∎ I'll take over when he leaves je le remplacerai quand il partira;∎ will he allow her to take over? va-t-il lui céder la place?;∎ compact discs have taken over from records le (disque) compact a remplacé le (disque) vinyle(b) (army, dictator) prendre le pouvoir(a) (have a liking for → person) se prendre d'amitié ou de sympathie pour, prendre en amitié; (→ activity, game) prendre goût à;∎ I think he took to you je crois que vous lui avez plu;∎ we took to one another at once nous avons tout de suite sympathisé;∎ she didn't take to him il ne lui a pas plu;∎ we've really taken to golf nous avons vraiment pris goût au golf(b) (acquire as a habit) se mettre à;∎ to take to drink or to the bottle se mettre à boire;∎ to take to doing sth se mettre à faire qch;∎ she took to wearing black elle s'est mise à s'habiller en noir(c) (make for, head for)∎ he's taken to his bed with the flu il est alité avec la grippe;∎ the rebels took to the hills les insurgés se sont réfugiés dans les collines;∎ they took to the woods ils se sont enfuis dans les bois;∎ to take to the road prendre la route;∎ to take to the boats monter dans les canots de sauvetage➲ take up∎ the lift took us up to the 25th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 25ème étage(b) (pick up → object) ramasser, prendre; (→ passenger) prendre; (→ paving stones, railway tracks) enlever;∎ she took up the notes from the table elle a ramassé ou pris les notes sur la table;∎ they're taking up the street la rue est en travaux;∎ we finally took up the carpet nous avons enfin enlevé la moquette∎ you'd better take up the slack in that rope tu ferais mieux de retendre ou tendre cette corde∎ this table takes up too much room cette table prend trop de place ou est trop encombrante;∎ moving house took up the whole day le déménagement a pris toute la journée;∎ her work takes up all her attention son travail l'absorbe complètement(f) (begin, become interested in → activity, hobby) se mettre à; (→ job) prendre; (→ career) commencer, embrasser;∎ when did you take up Greek? quand est-ce que tu t'es mis au grec?;∎ I've taken up gardening je me suis mis au jardinage(g) (continue, resume) reprendre, continuer;∎ I took up the tale where Susan had left off j'ai repris l'histoire là où Susan l'avait laissée;∎ she took up her knitting again elle a repris son tricot(h) (adopt → attitude) prendre, adopter; (→ method) adopter; (→ place, position) prendre; (→ idea) adopter;∎ they took up residence in town ils se sont installés en ville;∎ to take up one's duties entrer en fonctions∎ take it up with the boss parlez-en au patron(k) (shares, stock) souscrire àreprendre, continuer∎ he took it upon himself to organize the meeting il s'est chargé d'organiser la réunion(a) (accept offer, advice of)∎ his daughter took him up on his advice sa fille a suivi ses conseils;∎ he might take you up on that someday! il risque de vous prendre au mot un jour!;∎ she took him up on his promise elle a mis sa parole à l'épreuve∎ I'd like to take you up on that point j'aimerais revenir sur ce point avec vous∎ to take up with sb se lier d'amitié avec qn, prendre qn en amitié;∎ she took up with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des vauriens∎ to be taken up with doing sth être occupé à faire qch;∎ she's very taken up with him elle ne pense qu'à lui;∎ she's taken up with her business elle est très prise par ses affaires;∎ meetings were taken up with talk about the economy on passait les réunions à parler de l'économieⓘ Take me to your leader Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les extra-terrestres fraîchement débarqués sur terre dans les vieux films de science-fiction et adressée au premier terrien rencontré. On emploie cette phrase ("menez-moi jusqu'à votre chef") de façon humoristique lorsque, dans une situation donnée, on désire parler au responsable. -
10 pay
денежное довольствие [содержание] ; производить выплату; оплачивать— base pay— demolition duty pay -
11 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 January 1888 London, Englandd. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England[br]English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.[br]Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1953. CBE 1918.Bibliography1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).Further ReadingA.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).CM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
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12 security
n1) безопасность2) гарантия, обеспечение3) юр. обеспечение; гарантия, залог4) обыкн. pl ценные бумаги•
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